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Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms, Epidemiology, Imaging Findings, and Emerging Biomarkers

Rocío GARCÍA-GUTIÉRREZ GÓMEZ, Carlos CAPUCHINO, Raquel TORRES GÁRATE, Esther ÁLVAREZ RODRÍGUEZ, Santiago PÉREZ VALVERDE, Jaime RUIZ-TAPIADOR GONZÁLEZ, Ilmass EL KADAOUI AZZI, Rey Seoane MIRIAM and Baltazar CARLOS

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, affecting millions each year and imposing substantial social and economic burdens. Its clinical presentation ranges from mild concussions to severe, life-threatening injuries. A comprehensive understanding of the biomechanical forces involved, global epidemiological trends, and the resulting spectrum of intracranial lesions is essential for improving acute management. Advances in neuroimaging—particularly computed tomography (CT)—and the growing development of blood-based biomarkers have the potential to refine diagnostic pathways and guide early therapeutic decisions.