Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly used in primary care to support diagnosis, documentation, and treatment planning. While these tools offer operational advantages, they raise significant bioethical and neuroethical concerns. Traditional ethics emphasize autonomy and beneficence, but AI also impacts cognitive processes fundamental to judgment and trust.To review current literature on how AI systems in primary care intersect with neuroethical themes—particularly cognitive offloading, epistemic agency, informed consent, and moral responsibility—and to contrast these with conventional bioethical frameworks.A narrative review was conducted using peer-reviewed literature published between 2017–2025. Databases included PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria focused on AI ethics in clinical settings, especially in general practice. Literature from neuroethics, decision science, and legal theory was also integrated. Thematic analysis was used to identify and categorize content across four domains: clinician cognition, patient agency, accountability, and governance mechanisms.AI improves workflow and standardization but introduces risks of automation bias and reduced clinician agency (Cross et al., 2024; Román Collazo et al., 2024). Opaque decision-support systems challenge informed consent when explanations are not cognitively meaningful to patients (Moulaei et al., 2025; Wachter et al., 2017). While bioethical frameworks often treat consent as procedural, neuroethics highlights how AI affects internal reasoning, trust calibration, and deliberative integrity. Governance responses include explainability mandates and human-in-the-loop designs (Sasseville et al., 2025; National Academy of Medicine, 2023).Neuroethics deepens ethical evaluation by focusing on how decisions are formed cognitively and relationally. In primary care, where trust and narrative reasoning are central, this perspective is essential to understanding AI’s practical and moral impact.AI integration in general practice requires ethical scrutiny beyond normative principles. A neuroethical lens reveals how technology affects the cognitive underpinnings of agency and accountability. Future policy and system design must align with both ethical theory and human cognitive architecture.