Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. In 2022, there were 2,296,840 new cases (age-standardised rate (ASR) 46.8/100,000) and 666,103 deaths (ASR 12.7/100,000). This disease constitutes a significant global public health burden, affecting countries irrespective of their economic development status. In Poland, 21,079 new cases were reported in 2021, representing 24.2% of all malignant neoplasms diagnosed in women.There are limited studies on the Polish population that simultaneously analyze knowledge, attitudes, and psychological and behavioral components affecting women’s participation in breast cancer prophylactic examinations using standardized questionnaires, such as MHLC, HBI, and Mini-COPE. This gap is further underscored by international literature, where existing research often relies on proprietary questionnaires or singular standardized tools, resulting in fragmented insights.  The study aimed to identify the key determinants influencing the willingness of Polish women to participate in breast cancer prophylactic examinations.The study surveyed 407 women aged 45 to 69 between 2021 and 2022 and reported using the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist. The research tool included an author-delivered questionnaire, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale, the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI), and the Mini-Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Mini-COPE) inventory.Women were more likely to participate in screening if they were older, married, had children, used oral contraception, had received education on breast cancer prevention, had higher average intensity in the Health Behavior Inventory and scored significantly higher on the author’s scale, and demonstrated an external health locus of control. Additionally, women who reported attending prophylactic examinations were significantly more likely to express a need for emotional support.Understanding the complex interplay of psychological, behavioral, and social factors that influence women’s participation in breast cancer screening is vital to improving preventive healthcare outcomes.Further research is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that motivate women to engage in health-promoting behaviors and to develop targeted interventions. The findings suggest that women who are well-informed about breast cancer prevention and feel comfortable accessing preventive services are more likely to undergo regular screening.