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Biomarkers and Progression of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Li MA, Taihong LV, Shan ZHOU and Yanli LIU

The Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome, formally proposed by the American Heart Association in 2023, underscores the interdependent relationships among cardiovascular dysfunction, chronic kidney disease, and metabolic risk factors. While biomarkers are pivotal for early detection, risk stratification, and prognosis in CKM, a comprehensive synthesis of evidence linking diverse biomarkers to its multifaceted clinical outcomes is currently lacking.