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Cardiovascular Outcomes Following Transition from Combustible Cigarettes to Heated or Electronic Tobacco Products Among Korean Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Kiheon LEE, Hyang Ki CHO, Sang Woo PARK and Sang Min PARK

Both diabetes mellitus and smoking are major determinants of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and individuals with diabetes who continue smoking face substantially elevated cardiovascular risk. Heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic cigarettes (ECs) have recently emerged as alternatives to conventional combustible cigarettes (CCs), but evidence regarding their cardiovascular effects in diabetic populations remains limited.