Epidemiological Profile and Treatment-Seeking Patterns of Snakebite Victims in Tribal Districts of Central India: A community based cross-sectional study
Yancho MADZHAROV, Radost ASSENOVA, Gergana FOREVA, Daniela MILEVA, Zornitsa AMBAREVA, Gergana APOSTOLOVA, Georgi PandROV and Georgi TSIGAROVSKI
Snakebite envenoming has been included in the list priority list of ‘Neglected Tropical Disease’ by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017. It has been estimated that nearly half of the global snakebite deaths occurs in India. Limited access to timely medical care, continued reliance on traditional healing, and poor awareness of evidence-based first aid contribute to preventable morbidity and mortality.The primary objective was to describe the epidemiological profile and treatment-seeking patterns among snakebite victims. A secondary objective was to identify delays and barriers in accessing appropriate care.A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 102 snakebite victims residing in randomly selected tribal villages. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, bite circumstances, clinical manifestations, first aid practices, and care pathways using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were applied for analysis and appropriate statistical test were applied.Among 102 participants, 54% were male, and most belonged to Scheduled Tribes (93%). Young adults (22–32 years) were the most affected. Agricultural workers constituted the majority (71%), and nearly half were illiterate. Incidents were more frequent in 2024 (58%) than in 2023 (42%). Most bites occurred in fields (53%) or at home (34%), predominantly affecting the lower limbs (60%). Only 11% could identify the snake species. Common symptoms included swelling (33%), pain with swelling (15%), and bleeding (14%); 28% reported loss of consciousness. Tourniquet use was reported in 25%. Government hospitals were the first point of care for 61%, while 35% initially visited faith healers. Among those who sought traditional care, one-third subsequently shifted to hospitals. Approximately 74% reached a health facility within one hour, and treatment initiation was immediate in 62%.The findings indicate persistent reliance on informal care, limited species identification, and harmful first-aid practices despite good accessibility to government hospitals.Snakebite continues to pose a substantial burden among the tribals population of India. While timely transport and hospital-based antivenom therapy support favourable outcomes, delays in care-seeking and dependence on traditional practices contribute to avoidable mortality. Strengthened community education, improved early referral, and enhanced accessibility to formal care are essential. Keywords: Snake Bites; Health Behavior; Rural Population; Antivenoms; Treatment Outcome
