Pancreatic Cancer, a Case Study
Anggie Lizzandhe SIERRA TAMAAYO, Beatriz LÓPEZ SERRANO, Rayrinne Karina MARMOLEJOS DEL ROSARIO, Sandra Maria HURTARTE ARROYO and Susana PELAYO VÁZQUEZ
Pancreatic cancer is a highly deadly malignant neoplasm and a major public health problem due to its high mortality rate. It is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in developed countries, and its incidence is gradually increasing, potentially becoming one of the top three causes of cancer death. The only curative treatment is surgery, but only 15% of patients are candidates because the disease is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. Rarely occurs in young patients. The median age is between 65 and 69 years for men and between 75 and 79 years for women..A 72-year-old female patient with a history of hypothyroidism, fibrosing alopecia, and hypertension presented with a three-week history of changes in bowel habits (loose stools) without abdominal pain or weight loss. After normal blood work and stool culture, persistent symptoms prompted a positive fecal occult blood test. During the evaluation, and while awaiting gastroscopy and colonoscopy, the patient developed sudden, painless jaundice of 48 hours' durationUrgent blood work revealed an obstructive cholestatic pattern (bilirubin 7 mg/dL, GGT 1035 U/L, transaminases >500 U/L). An abdominal ultrasound identified a solid mass in the head of the pancreas, a diagnosis confirmed by PET-CT and ERCP biopsy, with histopathological results showing pancreatic adenocarcinoma.This clinical case demonstrates that diagnosis is often delayed due to the presentation of nonspecific symptoms, such as the change in bowel habits initially observed in this case. The current diagnostic standard is multidetector computed tomography with a pancreatic protocol to define resectability based on involvement of the mesenteric vessels and the celiac trunk. ERCP not only allows for biopsy sampling but is also essential for biliary palliation through stent placement. The approach can be summarized as systemic medical treatment: modified FOLFIRINOX neo/adjuvant Gemcitabina/Nab-placitaxel, and curative surgery: pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple). The prognosis is good, with a 5-year survival rate of 12-13%, and R0 resection being the most significant prognostic factor.Given the short survival rate, rapid resistance to treatments, and high mortality, further research is needed at various levels to achieve: earlier diagnoses, more specific and effective follow-up, and improved disease prognosis.
