Inappropriate antibiotic use is one of the key drivers of bacterial resistance and remains a major challenge in primary care. In family medicine, patients’ understanding of when and how antibiotics should be used is often limited, which may lead to unnecessary antibiotic requests or incorrect self-medication behaviors.To assess adult patients’ knowledge regarding the appropriate use of antibiotics in a family medicine setting in Romania.This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a family medicine practice. A total of 100 consecutive adult patients, attending for various reasons, were invited to complete an anonymous five-item questionnaire (Yes/No/Don’t know). The questions addressed five common misconceptions: 1. Antibiotics treat colds or flu. 2. Leftover antibiotics can be used for another illness. 3. Antibiotic treatment can be stopped once symptoms improve. 4. It is safe to take antibiotics given by someone else. 5. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance. Descriptive analysis (percentages) was used to summarize correct responses and identify knowledge gaps.A considerable proportion of patients are expected to hold misconceptions regarding antibiotic use—for instance, believing antibiotics are effective against viral infections or can be stopped early. The study will identify which questions reveal the most significant knowledge deficits.The preliminary findings of this study suggest that misconceptions regarding antibiotic use remain common among patients in primary care. Misunderstandings such as believing that antibiotics treat viral infections or that treatment can be stopped early reflect a gap in public health education. These results are consistent with other European studies showing persistent misinformation about antibiotics despite ongoing awareness campaigns. Family doctors are in a unique position to address these gaps through brief educational messages during consultations or by distributing clear informational materials. Implementing such low-cost, targeted strategies in daily practice could significantly improve patients’ understanding and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use.This study highlights the current level of patients’ understanding regarding antibiotic use in Romanian primary care. The findings may guide simple, targeted educational interventions in family medicine practices to promote rational antibiotic use and help reduce antimicrobial resistance.