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Metabolic syndrome in patients with primary aldosteronism: a retrospective study with implications for primary care

Ibtissem SAAD SAOUD

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is an underdiagnosed cause of secondary hypertension in primary care settings. Beyond increased blood pressure, patients with PA often exhibit metabolic disturbances including obesity, dyslipidaemia, and impaired glucose regulation. These abnormalities aggregate as metabolic syndrome (MetS), a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. For ordinary care physicians, identifying metabolic patterns in hypertensive patients may enable earlier detection of primary aldosteronism and enhance cardiovascular risk assessment.To evaluate the prevalence of MetS among patients with PA and to examine the relationship between aldosterone excess and specific metabolic components related to primary care practice.We performed a retrospective observational study involving patients diagnosed with PA between 2020 and 2022. Demographic information (age and gender), personal and family medical histories, and diagnostic circumstances were gathered. Clinical and biochemical parameters covered age at disease onset, hypertension degree, serum potassium concentrations, and the renin–aldosterone ratio (RAR).  Medical and surgical treatment methods were recorded. Metabolic parameters involved body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose concentrations, and lipid profile. MetS was characterized in accordance with the criteria established by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III). Ethical approval was obtainedTwenty-one patients diagnosed with PA were enrolled, all of whom presented with hypertension. Based on BMI, 33.3% of patients were classified as obese, while 28.6% were categorized as overweight. Impaired glucose metabolism, characterized by diabetes mellitus or anomalous fasting glucose levels, was identified in 28.6% of patients, while 19.0% exhibited dyslipidaemia. Serum potassium levels were within the normal range in 61.9% of cases. The renin–aldosterone ratio was elevated in all patients. Based on NCEP-ATP III criteria, MetS was diagnosed in six patients (28.6%).The general co-occurrence of obesity and impaired glucose metabolism in patients with PA underscores a clinically significant link between aldosterone excess and metabolic dysfunction.These metabolic characteristics may function as supportive factors for primary care physicians in assessing hypertensive patients with elevated cardiovascular risk.Nearly one-third of patients with primary aldosteronism had metabolic syndrome, suggesting that routine metabolic screening in hypertensive patients may help general practitioners identify those at higher risk and improve cardiovascular management.